BACK TO HOME PAGE

                                              VE7BQH G/T SIMULATIONS OF A 4 BAY ARRAY

                                                   YAGI ANTENNAS ON 70cm -  432.1 MHz
 

Old Reference: Tsky=20K Tearth=350K Reference: Estimated Values for man made noise (Tearth) on 432 MHz:      
New Reference: Tsky=27K   Rural =   760 K   Man-Made Noise in Our Living Environments  
        Residential = 1800 K   U.R.S.I. Radio Science Bulletins No. 334, 09.2010  
        City =                                   7900 8200 K              
  Enter Tsky >  27 K        Enter T_earth, K > 1800 K              
                      DL6WU Optimal Stacking     1 Ant.        
    1  Ant.           4 Antennas   < H Plane           >        
TYPE OF L GAIN E H Ga Tlos Ta Ant G/T F/R 1st SL 2nd SL Z VSWR Feed Convergence
ANTENNA     λ     (dBi) (M) (M) (dBi) (K) (K) (dB) (dB) (dB) (dB) (ohms) Bandwidth System Correction req.
                             
KF2YN Boxkite 4 0.44 13.24 1.20 0.85 19.30 4.93 183.91 -3.35 26.1 21.5 none 52.5 1.10:1 Bent Dipole Yes
KF2YN Boxkite 7 1.34 15.64 1.40 1.17 21.56 8.14 114.17 0.98 27.6 27.5 21.3 51.7 1.05:1 Bent Dipole Yes
DG7YBN GTV70-8n 1.84 13.60 1.07 0.93 19.56 4.90 124.39 -1.39 24.8 16.5 21.7 49.8 1.83:1 Bent Dipole Yes
KF2YN Boxkite 10 2.37 16.55 1.50 1.30 22.46 8.73 90.67 2.89 28.3 19.2 28.0 48.7 1.08:1 Bent Dipole Yes
InnoV 10 LFA 2.43 14.43 1.12 1.03 20.36 3.67 100.00 0.36 23.8 17.2 23.3 50.7 1.13:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 10 LFA 2018 2.47 14.35 1.11 1.01 20.27 3.65 96.27 0.44 22.1 18.6 21.4 48.8 1.25:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7010-5 2.59 14.64 1.14 1.05 20.56 5.00 98.21 0.64 22.5 16.9 24.1 50.0 1.06:1 Dipole No
+DG7YBN GTV 70-11w 2.81 14.97 1.18 1.09 20.90 2.70 84.82 1.62 27.8 15.9 23.4 50.0 1.06:1 Bent Dipole No
YU7EF EF7011B-5 2.87 15.07 1.20 1.11 21.00 4.70 94.56 1.24 25.4 16.9 20.1 49.0 1.56:1 Dipole No
Innov 11 LFA 2.87 15.05 1.20 1.10 20.98 3.95 84.86 1.69 25.6 16.4 23.8 50.4 1.07:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*Innov 11 LFA 2.87 15.05 1.19 1.10 20.96 3.95 84.32 1.70 25.6 16.4 23.8 50.4 1.07:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
EAntenna 432LFA11 2.94 15.09 1.20 1.11 21.02 3.93 86.93 1.63 25.4 17.0 24.9 47.9 1.28:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*KF2YN Polly 12 CR 3.17 15.70 1.30 1.30 21.74 3.19 80.00 2.71 25.4 16.1 22.1 48.3 1.17:1 Multi-Pol loop No
+*InnoV 12Y 3.27 15.59 1.26 1.17 21.52 3.11 76.72 2.67 27.6 15.9 21.8 49.7 1.43:1 LFA-Loop Yes
+InnoV 12Y 3.27 15.59 1.27 1.19 21.54 3.39 78.02 2.62 27.6 15.9 21.8 49.7 1.43:1 LFA-Loop Yes
InnoV 12 LFA 3.29 15.48 1.24 1.16 21.40 3.95 71.05 2.88 28.3 16.8 23.3 50.1 1.07:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 12 LFA 3.29 15.48 1.23 1.15 21.37 4.00 69.83 2.93 28.3 16.8 23.3 50.1 1.07:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7012B-5 3.30 15.58 1.26 1.17 21.50 4.90 78.72 2.54 24.0 17.6 21.3 48.6 1.40:1 Dipole No
EAntenna 432LFA12 3.31 15.32 1.23 1.14 21.24 4.32 80.43 2.19 28.6 16.1 24.5 50.1 1.45:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 12 LFA-430 3.32 15.59 1.27 1.19 21.54 3.11 77.80 2.63 26.4 15.5 21.7 49.9 1.39:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
KF2YN Boxkite 13 3.37 17.38 1.63 1.50 23.30 9.28 95.37 3.51 28.0 18.0 29.0 50.9 1.09:1 Bent Dipole Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70 13 3.59 15.75 1.25 1.17 21.57 2.66 55.84 4.10 29.2 17.1 22.4 49.2 1.14:1 Bent Dipole Yes
Innov 13 LFA 3.72 15.92 1.31 1.23 21.85 4.50 67.36 3.57 29.5 16.5 23.2 50.1 1.15:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 13 LFA 3.72 15.92 1.30 1.22 21.83 4.50 66.82 3.58 29.5 16.5 23.2 50.1 1.15:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7013M-6 3.83 16.11 1.33 1.25 22.01 4.70 77.37 3.12 26.4 18.7 21.8 49.4 1.06:1 Dipole No
M2 432-12EME 3.98 16.22 1.39 1.32 22.11 3.92 121.41 1.27 19.7 12.3 16.0 200.4 1.49:1 Folded Dipole Yes
*M2 432-12EME 3.98 16.22 1.42 1.37 22.17 3.92 123.56 1.25 19.7 12.3 16.0 200.4 1.49:1 Folded Dipole Yes
F9FT 19 4.02 15.96 1.33 1.26 21.88 6.07 105.05 1.67 21.5 14.1 17.5 55.7 1.14:1 Folded Dipole Yes
DG7YBN Tonna 19 mod 4.02 16.17 1.35 1.27 22.07 6.07 75.13 3.31 22.4 14.3 18.7 44.7 1.15:1 Folded Dipole Yes
InnoV 14 LFA 4.03 16.46 1.38 1.32 22.31 4.50 66.77 4.06 30.8 16.0 22.3 52.6 1.14:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 14 LFA 4.03 16.46 1.36 1.29 22.26 4.50 65.75 4.08 30.6 16.0 22.3 52.6 1.14:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-14 4.06 16.38 1.38 1.31 22.31 3.80 74.50 3.59 26.9 15.9 20.6 49.4 1.51:1 Bent Dipole No
YU7EF EF7014M-6 4.24 16.50 1.39 1.32 22.39 4.50 80.31 3.34 23.8 17.9 20.5 49.5 1.11:1 Dipole No
RA3AQ AQ70-14f 4.30 16.65 1.41 1.34 22.54 6.94 72.26 3.95 26.1 15.9 20.0 53.3 1.09:1 Folded Dipole Yes
KF2YN Boxkite 16 4.37 18.02 1.74 1.61 23.85 10.17 100.88 3.81 27.4 17.0 25.0 49.1 1.06:1 Bent Dipole Yes
*KF2YN Polly 15 CR 4.44 16.76 1.40 1.40 22.66 3.50 67.64 4.36 26.7 16.3 20.3 47.4 1.21:1 Multi-pol loop No
I0JXX 16JXX70 old ver 4.46 16.53 1.41 1.33 22.44 4.86 80.33 3.39 23.4 16.6 21.3 201.8 1.05:1 T Match Yes
I0JXX 32JXX70 XPOL H new ver 4.46 16.28 1.37 1.37 22.17 5.94 121.25 1.33 18.6 15.0 18.0 206.6 1.03:1 T Match Yes
I0JXX 32JXX70 XPOL V new ver 4.46 16.28 1.37 1.37 22.18 4.38 123.34 1.27 18.6 15.0 18.0 206.6 1.03:1 T Match Yes
EAntenna 432LFA15 4.58 15.66 1.22 1.14 21.36 4.03 56.28 3.86 29.2 26.2 29.1 48.4 1.25:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 15 LFA 4.59 16.68 1.42 1.34 22.57 4.77 61.24 4.70 31.1 15.8 22.1 51.1 1.08:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7015M-5 4.69 16.80 1.43 1.36 22.66 5.40 78.36 3.72 24.3 19.0 21.1 49.5 1.03:1 Dipole No
Konni F20 4.77 16.69 1.44 1.36 22.61 1.74 82.03 3.47 21.9 14.0 16.4 210.7 1.06:1 Folded Dipole Yes
WiMo 15 (YU7EF) 4.89 17.06 1.46 1.30 22.87 4.30 63.37 4.85 22.3 17.2 20.8 174.5 3.05:1 Folded Dipole Yes
InnoV 16 LFA 5.19 17.27 1.50 1.43 23.15 4.77 59.68 5.39 29.3 18.1 23.3 48.4 1.19:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-17w 5.23 17.29 1.51 1.44 23.20 3.00 65.34 5.05 31.5 14.7 20.8 49.9 1.03:1 Bent Dipole No
InnoV 17 LFA 5.33 17.25 1.49 1.42 23.11 4.28 61.31 5.24 27.4 18.1 23.5 49.9 1.03:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 17 LFA 5.33 17.25 1.45 1.45 23.11 4.28 60.77 5.27 27.4 18.1 23.5 49.9 1.03:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7017M-5 5.56 17.41 1.52 1.44 23.22 5.60 76.50 4.38 25.0 18.5 22.3 50.7 1.06:1 Dipole No
*KF2YN Polly 18 CR 5.69 17.79 1.95 1.95 23.96 3.70 73.29 5.31 28.3 14.8 20.0 48.1 1.18:1 Multi-Pol loop No
RA3AQ AQ70-18f 5.74 17.76 1.59 1.53 23.64 6.08 70.36 5.17 27.2 16.1 20.5 51.7 1.08:1 Folded Dipole Yes
YU7EF EF7017XM-5 5.74 17.61 1.55 1.49 23.45 6.36 67.21 5.18 27.5 21.6 24.0 52.2 1.19:1 Dipole Yes
InnoV 18 LFA 5.76 17.49 1.52 1.45 23.33 4.28 57.60 5.73 28.2 18.5 24.8 49.8 1.05:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-19 5.93 17.80 1.60 1.54 23.68 3.60 63.48 5.65 29.6 15.4 20.2 49.3 1.28:1 Bent Dipole No
+Konni F20 Mod YBN 5.94 17.57 1.58 1.50 23.42 1.74 85.23 4.11 24.7 14.3 16.1 223.4 1.13:1 Folded Dipole Yes
YU7EF EF7018M-5 6.00 17.58 1.53 1.46 23.33 5.50 68.86 4.95 26.5 17.5 22.4 49.2 1.06:1 Dipole No
K1FO 22 6.10 17.85 1.63 1.56 23.75 4.75 80.77 4.68 20.6 15.4 21.2 200.8 1.34:1 T Match Yes
*InnoV 18 LFA 2019 6.12 17.84 1.56 1.53 23.71 5.08 54.69 6.33 30.7 16.5 28.5 48.2 1.17:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
EAntenna 432LFA18 6.13 17.88 1.61 1.55 23.76 5.60 56.78 6.22 30.4 16.0 26.2 47.6 1.42:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7019B-5 6.43 17.91 1.60 1.54 23.72 5.70 72.34 5.13 25.7 17.8 23.4 50.5 1.12:1 Dipole No
KF2YN Polly 20 CR 6.50 18.30 1.90 1.90 24.43 3.80 71.28 5.90 28.7 14.4 19.5 48.8 1.21:1 Multi-Pol loop No
InnoV 19 LFA 6.54 18.18 1.68 1.63 24.10 5.02 56.17 6.61 34.3 15.0 20.1 47.6 1.09:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 19 LFA 2019 6.57 18.12 1.71 1.65 24.05 7.02 59.91 6.27 27.0 15.2 30.0 50.1 3.57:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
Tonna 21 DX 6.61 17.91 1.67 1.61 23.80 6.65 115.03 3.19 20.5 14.5 18.2 58.4 2.32:1 Folded Dipole Yes
KF2YN Boxkite 22 6.70 19.26 1.99 1.90 25.14 10.75 93.19 5.45 29.0 16.2 21.2 52.1 1.17:1 Bent Dipole Yes
DG7YBN GTV70 21n 6.77 18.82 1.68 1.63 24.08 7.07 52.75 6.86 32.4 14.8 21.1 48.3 1.48:1 Bent Dipole Yes
InnoV 20 LFA 6.99 18.28 1.73 1.67 24.31 5.02 50.36 7.29 35.2 15.1 20.7 50.5 1.09:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 20 LFA 2019 7.00 18.44 1.76 1.70 24.38 5.86 49.41 7.44 30.0 14.7 22.4 48.0 1.53:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
+YU7XL QY721104D14 7.04 18.42 1.88 1.82 24.47 3.40 51.92 7.32 27.7 18.5 22.8 201.1 1.28:1 LFA 200 Ώ Yes
RA3AQ AQ70-21f 7.14 18.54 1.73 1.67 24.41 6.94 58.07 6.77 27.9 16.8 21.3 52.3 1.07:1 Folded Dipole Yes
BVO70-7.2 WL modified 7.16 18.49 1.76 1.70 24.42 3.80 80.95 5.34 22.6 14.9 19.1 49.5 1.06:1 Dipole No
Directive DSEFO432-25 7.39 18.57 1.74 1.69 24.47 5.09 65.78 6.29 25.4 15.9 20.5 198.2 1.38:1 T Match Yes
*Directive DSEFO432-25  7.39 18.57 1.78 1.68 24.47 4.90 65.56 6.30 25.4 15.9 20.5 198.2 1.38:1 T Match Yes
Directive DSEFO432-25XPOL H 7.39 18.57 1.73 1.73 24.48 5.11 65.27 6.33 25.4 15.9 20.5 198.2 1.38:1 T Match Yes
Directive DSEFO432-25XPOL V 7.39 18.57 1.73 1.73 24.48 5.40 65.03 6.35 25.4 15.9 20.5 198.2 !.38:1 T Match Yes
InnoV 22 LFA 2019-2 7.47 18.84 1.82 1.76 24.74 6.69 45.51 8.16 31.2 14.0 28.0 46.2 2.67:1 LFA Loop Yes
InnoV 21 LFA 2019 7.51 18.53 1.82 1.76 24.58 6.430 48.465 7.73 28.2 14.1 26.4 47.9 1.53:1 LFA Loop Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-23 7.55 18.65 1.76 1.70 24.51 3.800 53.546 7.22 32.3 15.7 21.8 48.4 1.56:1 Bent Dipole Yes
YU7EF EF7021B-5 7.59 18.66 1.74 1.68 24.50 7.800 61.978 6.58 29.6 20.3 21.7 50.2 1.33:1 Dipole No
I0JXX 25JXX70 7.91 18.53 1.74 1.68 24.41 5.610 72.534 5.80 23.9 21.3 24.8 198.6 1.12:1 T Match Yes
InnoV 22 LFA 2019 7.95 18.84 1.85 1.80 24.77 6.760 44.433 8.29 32.0 13.9 28.5 46.2 2.66:1 LFA Loop Yes
KF2YN Polly 24 CR 8.15 19.15 1.90 1.90 25.11 3.700 71.138 6.59 29.5 13.1 19.1 51.8 1.14:1 Multi-Pol loop No
*Antennas-Amplifiers PA432-23-6A 8.21 18.88 1.90 1.90 24.90 6.700 47.461 8.14 36.3 17.0 26.9 49.1 1.09:1 Hair Pin Yes
+YU7XL QY724104D17 8.35 19.01 2.00 1.90 24.99 3.400 51.384 7.88 31.7 18.7 22.8 199.0 1.23:1 LFA 200 Ώ Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-25 8.39 18.97 1.80 1.74 24.84 3.200 48.423 7.99 32.6 16.3 22.1 41.2 1.25;1 Bent Dipole No
InnoV 23 LFA  8.40 19.16 1.87 1.82 25.08 5.590 48.328 8.24 31.8 15.9 21.7 45.2 1.23:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 23 LFA 8.40 19.16 1.89 1.85 25.06 5.590 48.328 8.22 31.8 15.9 21.7 45.2 1.23:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
DJ9BV BVO70-8.5wl 8.43 19.14 1.95 1.90 25.13 5.000 98.744 5.18 24.3 14.9 17.8 203.9 1.45:1 Folded Dipole Yes
InnoV 23 LFA 2019 8.43 19.02 1.87 1.82 24.94 6.400 43.586 8.55 32.2 14.4 27.6 47.4 1.32:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
DJ9BV OPT70-8.5wl 8.44 19.04 1.80 1.75 24.87 4.880 81.973 5.73 23.2 15.8 20.1 186.1 1.56:1 Folded Dipole Yes
EAntenna 432LFA23 8.44 18.96 1.90 1.84 24.89 8.050 46.663 8.20 32.0 14.2 30.9 47.8 3.99:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7023B-5 8.47 18.98 1.79 1.73 24.78 6.390 55.982 7.30 30.5 19.6 21.9 48.6 1.21:1 Dipole No
RA3AQ AQ70-24f 8.52 19.22 1.87 1.82 24.82 6.070 50.898 7.75 30.0 15.1 21.0 52.0 1.13:1 Folded Dipole Yes
InnoV 24 LFA 8.89 19.32 1.92 1.87 25.25 5.870 46.473 8.58 33.4 15.3 22.1 46.4 1.19:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 24 LFA 8.89 19.32 1.89 1.84 25.22 5.870 45.936 8.60 33.4 15.3 22.1 46.4 1.19:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
YU7EF EF7024B-5 8.90 19.19 1.84 1.79 25.02 7.500 58.309 7.36 30.3 20.5 22.4 50.1 1.60:1 Dipole No
Innov 24 LFA 2019-b 8.94 19.20 1.89 1.83 25.11 6.160 43.668 8.71 33.2 30.6 29.4 50.1 1.60:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
M2 432-9WLA 9.19 19.40 2.02 1.96 25.33 7.220 119.681 4.55 23.2 15.8 18.1 167.2 2.09:1 Folded Dipole Yes
*M2 432-9WLA 9.19 19.40 1.83 1.88 25.23 6.980 102.726 5.11 23.2 15.8 18.1 167.2 2.09:1 Folded Dipole Yes
+YU7XL QY728107D21 10.01 19.64 2.22 2.06 25.65 3.400 51.921 8.50 28.6 19.1 24.1 198.1 1.29:1 LFA 200 Yes
Antennas-Amplifiers PA432-26-7BGP 10.03 19.60 1.95 1.95 25.49 7.365 45.010 8.96 36.3 16.2 28.2 47.9 1.07:1 HairPin No
YU7EF EF7027B-5 10.18 19.67 1.94 1.89 25.47 7.800 61.440 7.59 25.6 20.0 23.2 50.3 1.64:1 Dipole No
Hy-Gain UB-7031DX 10.42 19.54 1.92 1.86 25.33 5.240 76.411 6.50 26.2 18.3 21.1 199.5 1.26:1 T Match Yes
WiMo 27 (YU7EF) 10.43 19.43 1.85 1.80 25.08 4.300 49.674 8.12 27.1 20.5 22.6 191.8 2.72:1 Folded Dipole Yes
+DG7YBN GTV70-30 10.49 19.74 1.94 1.89 25.58 3.900 43.477 9.20 32.9 18.9 26.0 42.5 1.28:1 Bent Dipole No
K1FO 33 10.61 20.03 2.08 2.04 25.95 6.130 65.706 7.77 22.0 15.5 22.2 200.5 1.19:1 T Match Yes
Directive DSEFO432-33 10.61 20.03 2.08 2.04 25.95 6.130 65.706 7.77 22.0 15.5 22.2 200.5 1.19:1 T Match Yes
RA3AQ AQ70-30f 11.39 20.33 2.08 2.04 26.08 5.530 46.147 9.44 30.6 16.8 22.1 51.6 1.10:1 Folded Dipole Yes
InnoV 30 LFA  11.64 20.45 2.27 2.22 26.42 6.670 57.249 8.84 36.6 13.9 20.3 49.6 2.38:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*YU7EF EF7032-5 12.49 19.97 1.94 1.90 25.58 6.641 52.167 8.41 27.7 23.1 24.2 51.3 3.44:1 Dipole No
InnoV 33 LFA 13.03 20.85 2.32 2.29 26.81 5.330 52.792 9.58 36.6 13.3 19.2 50.1 1.17:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
DJ9BV OPT70-13wl 13.29 20.85 2.35 2.29 26.80 5.150 78.486 7.85 25.9 14.8 19.7 183.0 1.44:1 Folded Dipole Yes
M2 432-13WLA 13.29 20.81 2.32 2.28 26.69 7.160 117.014 6.01 22.4 19.2 20.9 199.9 2.35:1 Folded Dipole Yes
*M2 432-13WLA 13.29 20.81 2.08 2.08 26.40 7.770 126.405 5.38 22.4 19.2 20.9 199.9 2.35:1 Folded Dipole Yes
I0JXX 39JXX70 13.53 20.16 2.00 1.97 25.86 6.300 60.096 8.07 26.1 26.7 27.0 194.0 1.19:1 T Match Yes
InnoV 34 A LFA 2019 13.48 20.98 2.40 2.38 26.95 6.440 53.315 9.68 37.8 12.9 18.0 50.1 1.63:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 34 LFA B 2019 13.54 20.89 2.40 2.38 26.89 7.190 54.305 9.54 37.3 12.7 17.9 50.1 2.04:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 34 LFA B 2019 13.54 20.89 2.20 2.20 26.72 6.910 48.091 9.90 37.3 12.7 17.9 50.1 2.04:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 35 LFA 2019 13.94 20.95 2.46 2.43 26.93 7.460 58.625 9.25 36.7 12.7 18.1 49.1 2.69:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 38 LFA 15.41 21.45 2.30 2.35 27.23 6.890 47.041 10.51 36.9 12.7 17.0 49.3 1.87:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
*InnoV 38 LFA 15.41 21.45 2.59 2.56 27.26 6.330 45.902 10.64 36.9 12.7 17.0 49.3 1.87:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 39 LFA 2019 15.79 21.59 2.52 2.49 27.54 6.150 46.340 10.88 39.5 12.9 18.9 49.2 1.15:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
InnoV 40 LFA 2019 16.25 21.82 2.59 2.56 27.63 7.000 45.697 11.03 35.6 12.7 19.2 51.8 1.55:1 LFA-LOOP Yes
              0.000                
                             
Only Antennas that have actually been built are posted in these Tables                    
                             
Thanks to Vladimir, UR5EAZ for establishing the Interactive Mode in the 144 and 432 Tables                
Thanks to Hartmut,  DG7YBN for his ongoing support and many inputs to the Tables                  
                             
Legend:                              
                             
1. L      = Length in Wavelengths                              
                             
2. Gain  = Gain in dBi of a single antenna                            
                             
3. E      = E plane (Horizontal) stacking in Meters.                           
                             
4. H      = H plane (Vertical) stacking in Meters.                            
                             
5. Ga     = Gain in dBi of a 4 bay array                              
                             
6. Tlos   = The internal resistance of the antenna in degrees Kelvin.                      
                             
7. Ta     = The total temperature of the antenna or array in degrees Kelvin. This                     
                includes all the side lobes, rear lobes and internal resistance of the                     
                antenna or array.                              
                             
8. F/R    = Front to Rear in dB over the rear 180 degrees of an antenna using either E or H plane.                   
                             
9. Z ohms = The natural impedence of a single antenna in free space.                        
                             
10. VSWR  = VSWR Bandwidth is based a single antenna over 432.000 - 435.000 MHz with a                   
                    reference at 432.300 MHz. This parameter gives an indicator of the                    
                    antenna "Q" and what to expect with with stacking and wet weather.                      
                               
11. Ant G/T = Figure of merit used to determine the receive capability of the antenna                    
                     or array. Ant G/T (dB) = Ga - 10*log(Ta). The more positive figure the                     
                     better. Ant G/T is modelled in Tant.exe at 30 degrees elevation.                    
                             
   Notes:                              
                                      
1. The programs used to calculate E/H Stacking,G,Ta,Tlos and G/T are                      
   EZNEC 5+ by Roy Lewallen W7EL,4NEC2 by Arie Voors and Tant.exe by Sinisa, YT1NT/VE3EA or AGTC_lite by F5FOD/DG7YBN           
   This combination of software provides excellent accuracy. Segment Density is                    
   25 segments per half wave.                              
                             
2. Temperatures initially used: Tsky=20 degrees;Tearth=350 degrees                      
    Temperatures now adjustable to Tsky=27 Kelvin. Tearth: Rural = 460K Kelvin, Residential = 1800K Kelvin, City = 7900 Kelvin          
                             
3. Dipole Z is measured at 432.1 MHz                              
                             
4. F/R, 1st and 2nd Side Lobes (SL) have been calculated on a single antenna                    
                             
5. No stacking harness losses or H frame effects are included in the 4 bay gain figures.                    
                             
6. All stacking dimensions EXCEPT those marked with a "*" and "#" are                      
    calculated from the DL6WU stacking formula:                            
    D = W/(2* sin(B/2))                              
    Where:                              
    D = stacking distance,vertical or horizontal                            
    W = wavelength, in the same units as D                            
    B - beamwidth between -3dB points.                            
    Use vertical beamwidth for vertical stacking (as above),                        
    Use horizontal beamwidth for horizontal stacking.                          
                             
7. Antennas marked with a "*" have stacking dimensions recommended by                       
   the manufacturer or designer.                              
                             
8. Antennas marked with a "#" have stacking dimensions for XPOL                        
   antennas by VE7BQH.                              
                             
9. Antennas marked with a "+" have some or all elements over 6mm. All others                    
   are 4MM to 6MM.                              
                             
10. FD = Folded Dipole                                  
                             
11.  Convergence Correction: NEC2 and NEC 4 are incapable of handling complex                     
      feed systems accurately like Folded Dipoles, T Matches, LFAs etc.                      
      Convergence Correction using the KF2YN Excel program is required.                       
      See DUBUS 4/2010 "The Correction of Convergence Errors in Antenna                      
      Temperature Calculations by Brian Cake, KF2YN for details.                        
                             
12. Manufacturer/Designer Legend: Single click on Sites in blue                        
                             
   Antennas-Ampifiers=Antenna-Amplifiers     K1FO = K1FO                      
   AF9Y = AF9Y     K2GAL = K2GAL                      
   BVO = Eagle/DJ9BV     K5GW = Texas Towers/K5GW                    
  BQH = VE7BQH     KF2YN = KF2YN                      
   CC = Cushcraft     M2 = M²                        
   CC MOD = VE7BQH     MBI = F/G8MBI/F5VHX                    
   CD = CUE DEE      OZ5HF = Vargarda                      
   CD MOD = VE7BQH     RA3AQ = RA3AQ                      
   CT1FFU = CT1FFU     RU1AA = RU1AA                      
   DD0VF = DD0VF     SHARK = SHARK (Italian)                    
   DG7YBN = DG7YBN     SM2CEW = SM2CEW/VE7BQH                    
   DJ9BV = DJ9BV     SV = Svenska Antennspecialisten AB                   
   DJ9BV OPT = DJ9BV     Tonna = F9FT                      
   DK7ZB = DK7ZB     UA9TC = UA9TC                      
   Dual = Antennas-Amplifiers     UR5CSZ = UR5CSZ                      
   EKM MOD = SM2EKM     Vine = G0KSC Design                    
   F9FT = F9FT     WiMo = WiMo                      
   Flexa = FlexaYagi     W1JR = VE7BQH (Mininec error)                  
   G0KSC LFA = G0KSC     WB9UWA = WB9UWA                    
   G4CQM = G4CQM     YU7EF = YU7EF                      
   HG = HYGAIN     YU7XL = YU7XL                      
   I0JXX = I0JXX                              
   IK0BZY = IK0BZY                              
   InnoVAntennas = G0KSC                              
                             
Using this Chart:                              
                             
Programmable Tsky and Tearth: Tsky and Tearth may be changed to meet a Stations individual characteristics.              
                                                    Click on the Red number to change then click on the green to set.                
                             
Antennas with good G/T can provide significant benefit with today's high noise levels.                     
Other factors like ease of matching and wet weather performance should be considered in the the decision making.               
Antennas with 50 ohm feed systems and good VSWR bandwidth (Q) may be the best feed system choice.  Lionel H. Edwards                    
                               
                             
      Lionel H. Edwards                    
      VE7BQH                      
      Issue 19, Oct 31, 2020                  
                             
                             
Issue 1: Add YU7EF 32,InnoV 34 LFA,InnoV 38 LFA,InnoV 40 LFA,DG7YBN 19,KF2YN Boxkite 4,KF2YN Boxkite 4,KF2YN Boxkite 7,          
Issue 1: Add KF2YN Boxkite 10,KF2YN Boxkite 13,KF2YN Boxkite 16,KF2YN Boxkite 22,WiMo 27 (YU7EF),DG7YBN 14,DG7YBN 23,          
Issue 1: Add DJ9BV OPT70 8.5wl,WiMo 15 (YU7EF),InnoV 24 LFA,InnoV30 LFA,                    
Issue 2: Add DJ9BV OPT70 13wl,K1FO 22,K1FO 33,YU7EF 23B,DJ9BV BVO70 8.5wl,Tonna 21 DX,Konni F20,                
Issue 2: Add YU7EF 27,24,21,19,18,15,14,13,12,11,10,I0JXX 30,I0JXX 25,I0JXX 16,RA3AQ 14,RA3AQ 30,RA3AQ 24,              
Issue 2: Add RA3AQ 21,RA3AQ 18,InnoV 20 LFA,InnoV 19 LFA,InnoV 18 LFA,InnoV 17 LFA,InnoV 16 LFA,InnoV 10 LFA,            
Issue 2: Add KF2YN Polly 15 CR,18 CR,20 CR,24 CR,InnoV 1111 LFA,12 LFA,13 LFA,15 LFA,20 LFA,23 LFA, 33 LFA,              
Issue 3: Add YU7XL QY721104D14,YU7XL QY724104D17, YU7XL QY728107D21                    
Issue 4: Add DG7YBN Tonna 19 mod,                              
Issue 5: Add EAntenna 432LFA11,EAntenna 432LFA12,EAntenna 432LFA15,EAntenna 432LFA18,EAntenna 432LFA23,              
Issue 6: Add Hy-Gain UB-7031DX,M2 432-13WLA,M2 432-12EME,M2 432-9WLA,                    
Issue 7: Add Directive DSEFO432-33,Directive DSEFO432-25,Konni F20,Directive DSEFO432-25XPOL,I0JXX 32JXX70 XPOL new ver,          
Issue 8: Add BVO70-7.2 modified,DG7YBN GTV 70-11W                          
Issue 9: Add DG7YBN GTV70-25,DG7YBN GTV70-30                          
Issue 10: Add Programmable Tsky and Tearth                            
Issue 11: Add DG7YBN GTV70-8n,DG7YBN GTV70-17w                          
Issue 12: Revised Konni F20 mod YBN,                              
Issue 13: Add Revised YU7EF EF7018M-5,InnoV 12Y,                          
Issue 14: Add InnoV 10 LFA 2018,Innov 12 LFA-430, InnoV 24 LFA 2019                      
Issue 15: Add Innov 18 LFA 2019,Innov 19 LFA 2019,Innov 20 LFA 2019,Innov 21 LFA 2019,                  
Issue 15: Add Innov 22 LFA 2019,Innov 22 LFA 2019-2,Innov 23 LFA 2019                      
Issue 16: Tearth Kelvin updated,                              
Issue 17: Update InnoV 18LFA 2019,Add Antennas-Amplifiers PA432-23-6A, Update InnoV 34 LFA B 2019,                
Issue 17: Update InnoV 40 LFA 2019,Add Innov 39 LFA 2019, Add InnoV 34 LFA A 2019,                    
Issue 18: Add YU7EF EF7017XM-5, Antennas-Amplifiers PA432-26-7BGP,                      
Issue 19: Add DG7YBN GTV70 21n,DG7YBN GTV70 13,